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Adverbs

There are different words that cannot be alternated. The biggest class of such words is adverb. It unites a number of groups adverbs can be divided into.

First of all, you should know that adverbs can be divided into three types, depending on the form they have: primary (P), secondary (S) and derivative (D). When we speak about adverb groups, these letters will be written next to the adverb to help you easier differentiate these types.

Primary adverbs have been formed long ago and we study it as a whole word, without an easy-found root.

Secondary adverbs have been formed from two words (or a phrase) or from a frozen word form.

Derivative adverbs have been shifted semantically from an adjective. It is the most common type of adverbs.

Now let us talk about groups of adverbs. One distinguishes two main types of adverbs: Significant and Demonstrative. Significant adverbs names concrete property or process attributes, while demonstrative adverbs only refer to these attributes or have an indication of the common nature.

Demonstrative                      
PlaceTimeCauseGoalMeanQuality
ABCD
Significant
PlaceTimeCauseGoalMeanQualityQuantity
ABCDABABCDEFGABCDEABC
ConditionalAttributive

Demonstrative adverbs

There are six categories of demonstrative adverbs. They are adverbs of place, time. cause. goal, mean, quantity.

  1. Demonstrative adverbs of place.

Let’s speak about subcategories of this adverbs.

  • Here – Tut, zdě
  • There – Tamo, Tųde
  • Everywhere – Vsëde, vsüdu, vsëkųde
  • Nowhere – Nide, nikųde
  • Somewhere – Něde, někųde
  • Here – Süda, dozdě, nazdě
  • There – Tųda, natųde, dotųde
  • Everywhere – Vsëda, dovsëkųde, navsëkųde
  • Nowhere – Nida, nikųda
  • Somewhere – Něda, někųda

    2. Demonstrative adverbs of time (Question: (Koĝda?))

  • Now – Nyně, sëdy
  • Afterwards – Poslě
  • Later – Pozdně
  • Then – Toĝda, tųdy
  • Once – Jednađy
  • Sometimes – Něĝda, nědy
  • Ever – Hotjĝda, hotjdy
  • Never – Niĝda, nidy

  3. Demonstrative adverbs of cause (Question: Why? (Čomu?))

  • Therefore – Tomu, slědno
  • Because – Bo, tomu
  • Thus – Tak, tako
  • Somehow – nějako

  4. Demonstrative adverbs of goal (Question: For what? (Za čto?))

  • For – Dlä, za
  • In order to – za da
  • So as to – aby, žeby, čeby, išby

  5. Demonstrative adverbs of mean (Question: How? (Kako?))

  • So – Tak, tako
  • Likewise – Podobno
  • Somehow – Nějako
  • Otherwise – Ïnako
  • Nohow – Nijako
  • Like that – Kakto, někako
  • That way – Tako, takto
  • Anyhow – Nějako
  • Differently – Råzlično

  6. Demonstrative adverbs of quantity (Question: How much? (Kolïko?))

  • So much – Mnogo, nemalo
  • Few – Malo
  • Several – Několïko
  • Some – Nemnogo
  • Nary – Nikolïko

Significant adverbs

Significant adverbs are often divided into two large subcategories – conditional and attributive adverbs. Conditional adverbs shows the conditions of the action took place – place, time, cause, goal. Attributive shows the attributes of the action – the mean of the action. its quality and its quantity.

  1. Demonstrative adverbs of place.
  • Next to (close to) – Blïzko do
  • Ahead – 
  • Opposite
  • Around
  • Far
  • Not far
  • Among
  • Between
  • At home
  • Upstairs
  • Downstairs
  • Ahead
  • To the right
  • Upwards
  • Sideways
  • Downwards
  • Opposite
  • Home
  • From upstairs
  • From downstairs
  • From the right
  • From the left

    2. Demonstrative adverbs of time (Question: (Koĝda?))

  • Now – Nyně, sëdy
  • Afterwards – Poslě
  • Later – Pozdně
  • Then – Toĝda, tųdy
  • Once – Jednađy
  • Sometimes – Něĝda, nědy
  • Ever – Hotjĝda, hotjdy
  • Never – Niĝda, nidy

  3. Demonstrative adverbs of cause (Question: Why? (Čomu?))

  • Therefore – Tomu, slědno
  • Because – Bo, tomu
  • Thus – Tak, tako
  • Somehow – nějako

  4. Demonstrative adverbs of goal (Question: For what? (Za čto?))

  • For
  • In order to
  • So as to

Degrees of comparison

Likewise adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison. Moreover, there are synthetic analytic forms too.

Remember (look at paragraph about adjective degrees of comparison), that there ar three degrees: positive, comparative and superlative.

Synthetic forms

Comparative form is made by adding to the word base the suffix “ѣй’. Unlike adjectives, this is the only suffix to create a comparative form (compare with suffixes “єй”, “ай” for hard and soft bases in adjectives).

Examples:

Много – Множѣй

Сінё Сінѣй

Superlative form is made so as it is in adjectives – adding a suffix “най-” to the comparative form.

Analytic forms

Analytic forms provide simple ways of creating comparative and superlative forms without modifying the word itself. There two types of adverb analytic comparison.

  1. Using prefixes

Comparative form is created by adding prefix “по-” through a defis ro a positive form. Superlative form is created by adding prefix “най-” through a defis to the positive form.

Examples:

Много – по-много – най-много

  1. Using an auxiliary adverb

To the positive form you should add an auxiliary adverb in comparative or superlative form.

Auxiliary adverb

Comparative form

Superlative form

1. more

болѣй

найболѣй

2. less

мєнѣй

наймєнѣй

Examples:

Много – болѣй много – найболѣй много

You can use synthetic and analytic forms parallelly.